航天食品一般都会有哪些分类？

说到航天食品，很多人可能受一些「年代久远」的科普书影响，认为都是牙膏状的半固体食物，直接挤到嘴里那种。其实那只是加加林时代的航天食品。现在航天食品早就百花齐放了，基本你在地面能吃到的食物类别，都有办法给你弄上太空。

When it comes to aerospace food, many people may be influenced by some "aged" popular science books, thinking that they are toothpaste-like semi-solid foods that are squeezed directly into their mouths. In fact, it was just space food from the Gagarin era. Now space food has already blossomed. Basically the types of food you can eat on the ground can get you into space.

目前的太空食品可以分为如下几类^[1]：

The current space food can be divided into the following categories ^[1]:

通常是采用冷冻干燥的方式进行脱水的食品。各种蔬菜，水果，再到泡面，冰淇淋，万物皆可冻干。冻干食品由于水分含量太低，微生物无法存活，可以保存很久，复水起来非常快，航天员只要在飞船或空间站里将这些冻干食品复水，就可以吃了。

It is usually the food that is dehydrated by freeze-drying. All kinds of vegetables, fruits, instant noodles, ice cream, everything can be freeze-dried. Freeze-dried food is too low in water content, microorganisms can not survive, can be stored for a long time, rehydration is very fast, as long as the astronauts rehydrate these freeze-dried food in the spacecraft or space station, they can eat.

当然，除了冷冻干燥，也有一些食品是喷雾干燥的。比如各种果汁、饮料等。

Of course, in addition to freeze-drying, there are also some foods that are spray-dried. Such as various fruit juices, beverages, etc.

（话说，冷冻干燥技术就是当初研发太空食品才搞出来的加工技术，现在早就下放到民间了）(In other words, freeze-drying technology is a processing technology that was developed only when space food was first developed, and it has long since been decentralized to the private sector)

一般是面包、饼干之类的零食。为了防止掉渣，表面上覆盖了一层明胶之类的保护膜。吃的时候直接把整个食品塞嘴里，咀嚼的时候不要张嘴，食物就跑不出来。神舟五号的食品就属于这一类。

Generally snacks such as bread and biscuits. In order to prevent slag, the surface is covered with a protective film such as gelatin. When eating, just stuff the whole food in your mouth, don’t open your mouth when chewing, the food won’t come out. The food of Shenzhou 5 falls into this category.

「软罐头」又叫「常温料理包」，它和罐头食品的制作方式相同，只是包装材质用了比较软的袋装材质。简单来说，食物制作完成、包装后，放入灭菌锅内进行灭菌，杀灭包装内所有微生物。经过灭菌之后的食物达到了「商业无菌」状态，可以常温保存很久而不用担心食品安全风险。这是目前航天食品的主要类别，在我们日常生活中也随处可见。

"Soft canned food" is also called "room temperature cooking bag". It is made in the same way as canned food, except that the packaging material uses a softer bag material. Simply put, after the food is prepared and packaged, it is placed in a sterilization pot for sterilization to kill all microorganisms in the package. The sterilized food has reached a "commercial sterile" state and can be stored at room temperature for a long time without worrying about food safety risks. This is currently the main category of aerospace food, and it can be seen everywhere in our daily lives.

我刚回答过一篇关于料理包的问题：

I just answered a question about cooking packages:

It is a common phenomenon to use food packages to make takeaways, some of which cost as low as 3 yuan, and the shelf life is as long as one and a half years. Can you accept such takeaways?

4) Frozen food and fresh fruits and vegetables

冷冻食品、新鲜水果蔬菜也可以作为航天员的选择。但是，为了防止微生物在航天器内传播，这些食品要经过严格的杀菌才能被带上飞船。新鲜水果蔬菜要用消毒水浸泡，确保表面微生物被杀死，而且要保证带上太空后在最前面几天被消耗掉。

Frozen food, fresh fruits and vegetables can also be used as options for astronauts. However, in order to prevent the spread of microorganisms in the spacecraft, these foods must undergo strict sterilization before they can be carried on the spacecraft. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be soaked in disinfected water to ensure that surface microorganisms are killed, and to ensure that they are consumed within the first few days after being taken into space.

 

From website：https://daily.zhihu.com/